Bone Cancer

How to treat Bone cancer by Cryosurgery?

Bone Cancer is the cancer that begins in the bone. Primary bone cancer is relatively uncommon with secondary or metastatic cancer. This is cancer that occurs initially in another organ and then spreads to bone tissue.

The most common types of bone cancer includes:
- Osteosarcoma,
- Ewing’s sarcoma,
- Chondrosarcoma,
- Malignant fibrous histiocytoma,
- Fibrosarcoma,
- Chordoma

Diagnosis of bone cancer:
- Check for a complete medical history.
- A description of your symptoms can help.
- A complete physical examination can help find the cause of your symptoms.
- Testing your muscle strength.
- Sensation to touch
- Reflexes
- Certain blood tests
- Plain X-rays
Benign tumors are more likely to have a smooth border while malignant tumors have a ragged border on X-ray images.

- A CT scan
- An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).
- Positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
- An angiogram, which is an x-ray of blood vessels.
- A bone scan.
- Obtain a biopsy sample of the tumor.
- Get examined in the laboratory by a pathologist.
- Determine what kind of tumor it is.

What is the treatment for bone cancer?
The best treatment is based on:
- the type of bone cancer,
- the location of the cancer,
- how aggressive the cancer is,
- whether or not the cancer has invaded surrounding or distant tissues (metastasized).

The main types of treatment for bone cancer:
- Surgery,
- Chemotherapy,
- Radiation therapy
- Cryosurgery
These can be used either individually or combined with each other.

Process of Cryosurgery
- This method is the use of liquid nitrogen to freeze and kill cancer cells.
- This technique can sometimes be used instead of conventional surgery to destroy the tumor.
- The application of liquid nitrogen as a local adjuvant to curettage in the treatment of bone tumors was first introduced three decades ago.
- Cryosurgery was shown to achieve excellent local control.
- It is used for a variety of benign-aggressive and malignant bone tumors.
- Cryosurgery can cause significant morbidity if performed inappropriately.

An effective and safe procedure must follow these consecutive steps:
- Adequate exposure of the tumor cavity.
- Meticulous curettage and burr drilling.
- Soft-tissue mobilization and protection.
- Introduction of LN to the tumor cavity.
- Internal fixation of the cavity after cryotherapy.
- Protection of the operated bone throughout the healing period.

Side effects
- The exposure of normal bone and soft tissues (skin, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels) to the freezing effect of LN can result in significant morbidity.
- Early studies of the use of cryosurgery in the treatment of bone high complication rates, mostly pathological fractures and infections.

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How to treat bone cancer by radiotherapy?

Bone Cancer is the cancer that begins in the bone. Primary bone cancer is relatively uncommon with secondary or metastatic cancer. This is cancer that occurs initially in another organ and then spreads to bone tissue.

The most common types of bone cancer includes:
- Osteosarcoma,
- Ewing’s sarcoma,
- Chondrosarcoma,
- Malignant fibrous histiocytoma,
- Fibrosarcoma,
- Chordoma

Diagnosis of bone cancer:
- Check for a complete medical history.
- A description of your symptoms can help.
- A complete physical examination can help find the cause of your symptoms.
- Testing your muscle strength.
- Sensation to touch
- Reflexes
- Certain blood tests
- Plain X-rays
Benign tumors are more likely to have a smooth border while malignant tumors have a ragged border on X-ray images.

- A CT scan
- An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).
- Positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
- An angiogram, which is an x-ray of blood vessels.
- A bone scan.
- Obtain a biopsy sample of the tumor.
- Get examined in the laboratory by a pathologist.
- Determine what kind of tumor it is.

What is the treatment for bone cancer?
The best treatment is based on:
- the type of bone cancer,
- the location of the cancer,
- how aggressive the cancer is,
- whether or not the cancer has invaded surrounding or distant tissues (metastasized).

The main types of treatment for bone cancer:
- Surgery,
- Chemotherapy,
- Radiation therapy
- Cryosurgery
These can be used either individually or combined with each other.

Process of Radiotherapy
- The radiation therapy uses high-energy X-ray aimed at the site of the cancer.
- This is to try to kill the cancer cells.
- This treatment is given in small doses daily over a period of days to months.
- Radiation therapy can be used either before or after a potential surgery.
- It depends on the specific type of cancer.
- These high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and stop them from growing and dividing.
- A specialist in radiation therapy is called a radiation oncologist.

Types of Radiation Therapy are:
Radiation therapy is a local treatment. It affects cancer cells only in the treated area.
- Radiation can come from a machine (external radiation).
- It can also come from an implant (a small container of radioactive material) placed directly into or near the tumor (internal radiation).
- Some patients need both kinds of radiation therapy.

External Radiation Therapy
- It is usually given on an outpatient basis in a hospital or clinic 5 days a week for a number of weeks.
- Patients are not radioactive during or after the treatment.

Internal Radiation Therapy
- The patient stays in the hospital for a few days.
- The implant may be temporary or permanent.
- The level of radiation is highest during the hospital stay.
- Once an implant is removed, there is no radioactivity in the body.
- The amount of radiation in a permanent implant goes down to a safe level before the patient leaves.

Other facts
- The most common type of radiation treatment is called external-beam radiation therapy.
- Radiation therapy is most often used for patients with a tumor that cannot be removed by surgery.
- This is also used where patient may have cancer cells remaining after surgery.
- Radiation therapy may be done before surgery to shrink the tumor also.
- Radiation therapy makes it possible to do less extensive surgery, often preserving the arm or leg.
- Radiation therapy may also be used to relieve pain for people with advanced bone cancer.
- For patients with Ewing’s sarcoma, radiation therapy may be combined with chemotherapy and surgery.

Side effects from radiation therapy may include:
- fatigue
- mild skin reactions
- upset stomach
- loose bowel movements
Most side effects go away soon after treatment is finished.

How to treat bone cancer by surgery?

Bone Cancer is the cancer that begins in the bone. Primary bone cancer is relatively uncommon with secondary or metastatic cancer. This is cancer that occurs initially in another organ and then spreads to bone tissue.

The most common types of bone cancer includes:
- Osteosarcoma,
- Ewing’s sarcoma,
- Chondrosarcoma,
- Malignant fibrous histiocytoma,
- Fibrosarcoma,
- Chordoma

Diagnosis of bone cancer:
- Check for a complete medical history.
- A description of your symptoms can help.
- A complete physical examination can help find the cause of your symptoms.
- Testing your muscle strength.
- Sensation to touch
- Reflexes
- Certain blood tests
- Plain X-rays
Benign tumors are more likely to have a smooth border while malignant tumors have a ragged border on X-ray images.

- A CT scan
- An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).
- Positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
- An angiogram, which is an x-ray of blood vessels.
- A bone scan.
- Obtain a biopsy sample of the tumor.
- Get examined in the laboratory by a pathologist.
- Determine what kind of tumor it is.

What is the treatment for bone cancer?
The best treatment is based on:
- the type of bone cancer,
- the location of the cancer,
- how aggressive the cancer is,
- whether or not the cancer has invaded surrounding or distant tissues (metastasized).

The main types of treatment for bone cancer:
- Surgery,
- Chemotherapy,
- Radiation therapy
- Cryosurgery
These can be used either individually or combined with each other.

Process of Surgery
- A surgical oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer using surgery.
- The most common treatment for bone cancer is bone cancer surgery.
- It involves total amputation of a limb or removing the cancerous portion of bone.
- Chemotherapy has made limb-sparing bone cancer surgery possible.
- If chemotherapy is possible then surgeons avoid amputation by removing only the cancerous section of the bone.
- This is then replaced with an artificial device called prosthesis or with bone from another place in the body.
- In some cases, all or part of an arm or leg may have to be removed(amputated).
- This is done to make sure that all of the cancer is taken out.
- If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, the lymph nodes will also be removed (this is called lymph node dissection).
- A wide excision removes the tumor along with a margin of normal tissue around it in all directions.
- The amputation is needed depending on the tumor’s size or location.
- Wide excision surgical techniques have reduced the number of amputations.
- Prostheses are placing metal plates or bone from other parts of the body or to replace the missing bone and provide strength to the remaining bone.
- Amputation is required when the surgical area cannot be fully covered with soft tissue. Surgeons use soft tissue to cover the reconstruction area.
- This tissue helps in healing and reduces the risk of infection.
- To avoid amputation, some children can be fitted for expandable joint prostheses.
- These prostheses require multiple operations.