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Stages of Breast Cancer

March 6th, 2010

Cancer stage is based on the size of the tumor, whether the cancer is invasive or non-invasive, whether lymph nodes are involved, and whether the cancer has spread beyond the breast. Breast Cancer Stages are the different stages in which the Breast Cancer can occur. The chances of making a full recovery are better when diagnosis is sooner.

Stage 0 is Carcinoma in situ

- It is used to describe non-invasive breast cancers, such as DCIS and LCIS.
- It occurs when abnormal cells have appeared inside the linings of the breast ducts. They have not spread yet.

Stage 1 Early stage invasive breast cancer

- The tumor measures up to 2 centimeters.
- No lymph nodes are involved.
- It has not spread to other parts of the body.

Stage 2(a) Breast Cancer

- Cancer is found in auxillary lymph nodes but there is no tumor found in the breast; or
- The tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes; or
- The tumor is larger than 2 centimeters but not larger than 5 centimeters and has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.

Stage 2(b) Breast Cancer

- The tumor is larger than 2 but no larger than 5 centimeters and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes, OR
- tTe tumor is larger than 5 centimeters but has not spread to the axillary lymph nodes.

Stage 3 Breast Cancer

- In stage 3(a) the tumor is larger than two centimeters but smaller than five centimeters and has spread to up to nine auxiliary underarm lymph nodes.
- In stage 3(b) the cancer has spread to tissues near the breast including the skin, chest wall, ribs, muscles, or lymph nodes in the chest wall or above the collarbone.

Stage 4 Breast Cancer

It represents a full spreading of the cancer to the other organs of the body, including the bones, liver, lungs, or the brain.

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Breast Cancer – causes and symptoms

March 3rd, 2010

Abnormal development of cells leads to the growth of tumor, when tumor is malignant in nature they are termed as cancer. The term “breast cancer” refers to a malignant tumor that has developed from cells in the breast. Usually breast cancer either begins in the cells of the lobules, which are the milk-producing glands, or the ducts, the passages that drain milk from the lobules to the nipple. Over time, cancer cells can invade nearby healthy breast tissue and make their way into the underarm lymph nodes, small organs that filter out foreign substances in the body.

Causes of Breast Cancer

The exact cause of breast cancer is not known but some causes associated with breast cancer are :
- Age : As the person gets older, chances of having breast cancer increases.
- Family history : Any close relative diagnosed with breast cancer increases the risk factor.
- Early start onset of menses and early menopause are also associated with breast cancer.
- Exposure to chemicals.
- Exposure to radioactive rays increases the chances of breast cancer.
- Late childbearing increases the risk of breast cancer.

Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Initially, breast cancer may not cause any symptoms. A lump may be too small for you to feel or to cause any unusual changes you can notice on your own.
* swelling of all or part of the breast.
* skin irritation or dimpling.
* breast pain.
* nipple pain or the nipple turning inward.
* redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple or breast skin.
* a nipple discharge other than breast milk.
* a lump in the underarm area.
These changes also can be signs of less serious conditions that are not cancerous, such as an infection or a cyst. It’s important to get any breast changes checked out promptly by a doctor.

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Posted in Breast Cancer, Cancer, Diagnosis, causes, cure, health

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Melanoma – Type of skin cancer

March 2nd, 2010

Melanoma is a disease of the skin in which cancer cells are found in the melanocytes, the cells that produce color in the skin or pigment known as melanin. Melanoma usually occurs in adults, but it may occasionally be found in children and adolescents. Melanoma may also be called cutaneous melanoma or malignant melanoma. Melanoma is the rarest, but most virulent, form of skin cancer.

- A flat or raised growth of black or brown color, often mixed with blue, red, or white parts, from 6 mm to few cm in size, may appear anywhere on the skin, in men mostly on the trunk, in women on the back and legs, and parts of the skin that are usually hidden from the sun, but were exposed to intense sunlight for short periods.
- Melanoma may show one or more of typical ABCDE characteristics: Asymmetry: one part of the tumor differs from other parts; Border of the tumor is irregular; Color: tumor may be of different colors, often several colors are present in one tumor; Diameter above 6 mm (in most cases), Evolving: lesion growths and changes color and appearance with time.

Melanoma Skin Cancer

Melanoma Subtypes :
- Superficially spreading melanoma grows relatively slowly.
- Nodular melanoma grows rapidly – weeks to months. It tends to ulcerate and bleed.
- Acral lentiginous melanoma appears in dark skinned people (Afro-American, Asian, and Hispanic), mostly on their palms, soles, and under nails.
- Lentigo maligna melanoma. A macule grows slowly (years) as a patch, over 1-3 cm in size. It does not spread to other organs.

Treatment :
- Chemotherapy is often used to treat melanoma that has returned or spread.
- Medications such as interferon or interleukin, which boost the immune system to fight the cancer, may be useful in addition to chemotherapy and surgery. This kind of treatment is called immunotherapy. However, interferon has many side effects and can be difficult to tolerate.
- Radiation treatments may be used to relieve pain or discomfort caused by cancer that has spread.
- Cancer that has spread elsewhere in the body is sometimes removed with surgery to relieve pain or discomfort.

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Posted in Cancer, Hospital, Skin, causes, cure, health

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