8. Sore Throat Treatment using Mango Bark
- Mango bark is efficacious in the treatment of a sore throat.
- It treats other throat disorders.
- Its fluid, which is extracted by grinding, can be applied locally.
- It can also be used as a throat gargle.
- This gargle is prepared by mixing 10 ml of the fluid extract with 125 ml of water.

9. Sore Throat Remedy using Belleric Myroblan
- The herb “belleric myroblan” is a valuable sore throat remedy.
- A mixture of two grams of the pulp of the fruit, a quarter teaspoon of salt, half a teaspoon of powdered long pepper and two teaspoons of honey should be administered in the treatment of this condition.
- The fried fruit can also be roasted after covering it with wheat flour, and used as a cure.

10. Sore Throat Treatment using Bishop’s Weed
- Bishop’s weed is valuable for sore throat treatment.
- An infusion of the seeds mixed with common salt can be used beneficially as a gargle in an acute condition.

11. Sore Throat Treatment using Cinnamon
- Cinnamon is regarded as an effective remedy for a sore throat resulting from a cold.
- One teaspoon of coarsely powdered cinnamon, boiled in a glass of water with a pinch of pepper powder, and two teaspoons of honey can be taken as a medicine.
- Two or three drops of cinnamon oil, mixed with a teaspoon of honey, also give immense relief.
- Use ginger along with cinnamon and honey to prepare one of the most effective sore throat remedies for quick sore throat relief.
- Both ginger and cinnamon are highly valued for their healing properties.
- They have been widely used among naturalists.

12. Sore Throat Remedy using Fenugreek Seeds
- A gargle prepared from fenugreek seeds has been found to be a very effective remedy.
- To prepare this gargle, two tablespoons of fenugreek seeds should be put in a litre of cold water and allowed to simmer for half an hour over a low flame.
- This should then be allowed to cool to a bearable temperature, strained, and then used entirely as a gargle.
- Fenugreek seeds have been a valuable ingredient in ancient medicine since the time of the ancient Egyptians and Indians.
- Fenugreek seeds have powerful antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Sore throat remedies prepare with fenugreek seeds are therefore extremely effective.

13. Sore Throat Cure using Henna
- The leaves of henna are useful as a sore throat cure.
- A decoction of the leaves can be used as a gargle for this purpose.

14. Sore Throat Cure using Holy Basil
- The leaves of holy basil have also been found beneficial in the in curing sore throat.
- Water boiled with basil leaves should be taken as a drink.
- It can also be used as a gargle to relieve a sore throat.
- Holy basil is another widely used ingredient among practitioners of herbal medicine and scientific investigations.
- Holy basil leaves can yield a powerful essential oil with properties like eugenol, carvacrol, methyl eugenol and caryophyllene.
- These ingredients give the herb its antibacterial and powerful healing effects.
- It is highly valued in sore throat remedies and sore throat cures.

15. Sore Throat treatment using Aloe Vera
- You can also gargle with Aloe Vera juice two times daily.
- It is also an effective home remedy for sore throat.

1. Healing Herbs tea
- This is an anti-pain
- It is also a relaxing tea that will help in preventing leg cramps and provide relief:
- 1 part St. Johnswort
- 1 part Passionflower
- 1 part Skullcap
- 1 part Chamomile
- 1 part White Willow Bark

2. Anti-Stress/Pain Potion
- GAIA Herbs
- 1 part Gaia Herbs Serenity Elixir
- 1 part Herb Pharm White Willow Bark
- A red flannel can also be wrapped around the area with pain.
- Use of coconut helps in curing the leg and knee pains.
- 1-2 teaspoonful of fenugreek powder in the morning water is also effective leg pain remedy.
- A gentle massage with Arthcare Oil is recommended to leg pain cure and to strengthen the bone tissues.

3. Massage oil
- Take 10 grams of camphor and 200 grams of mustard oil.
- Mix in a glass bottle and keep the bottle in the sun till the camphor dissolves.
- Massage the affected area daily.
- This is very good home remedy for leg pain.

4. Saffron solution
- Boil 1-teaspoon saffron in 1/2 cup water and divide this solution into three portions and take with equal quantities of water, thrice daily for a week.
- This is one of the effective home remedies for leg pain.

5. Various yogasanas
- Janusandhi,
- Uttanpadasana
- Gomukhasana

Other Home remedies
- Make sure that you use appropriate footwear when walking that provide your feet with adequate support.
- Stretch your muscles gently with light exercise like riding a stationary bicycle for a few minutes before going to bed.
- This can help loosen up and strengthen the muscles.
- This would greatly limit the occurrence or severity of night leg cramps.

Make sure that your diet is not restrictive
- A well balanced diet with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables should be taken regularly.
- This should provide you with all the essential nutrients you need. – Mineral deficiencies can aggravate the problem of night leg cramps.
- The best way to get it to pass is by consciously relaxing your mind and body.
- Deep breathing is the most effective method of relaxation at such times.
- Lightly massage the cramped muscle with your hands using a soothing balm.
- A hot shower or soak in a warm bath should also offer considerable relief.
- Multi-vitamin and mineral supplements may help.
- Calcium, potassium, and magnesium deficiencies are often the cause for night leg cramps.
- Try and consume fresh fruits and vegetables.
- Whole meal varieties of grains should be taken.
- Fruits like dates and bananas are rich sources of magnesium and potassium.
- It would be best to get the required dosage of calcium from supplements that do not contain phosphorus.

Some good dietary sources of essential minerals like potassium are:
- Bananas, dates, grapes, apricots, and raisins.
- Pulses, cabbage and broccoli.
- Oranges, tomatoes and grapefruit, including their juice.
- Pork, lamb, and fish like tuna.
- Potatoes and corn.

Additional Tips to Cope
- Avoid using tight bed covers or restrictive sheets.
- Stretch the calf muscles with some light exercise for at least five minutes before going to bed each night.
- Take up a non intensive fitness regime like yoga or pilates to strengthen the muscles and also to loosen them up.
- Yoga is particularly useful as the breathing exercises and meditative practices.
- Yoga also helps improve circulation.

Overview
- This manifests as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease.
- It is treated with medication that reduces copper absorption
- Medication that removes the excess copper from the body also can be used.
- Occasionally a liver transplant is required for this disorder.
- The condition is due to mutations in the Wilson disease protein (ATP7B) gene.
- A single abnormal copy of the gene is present in 1 in 100 people.
- If a child inherits the gene from both parents, the child may develop Wilson’s disease.
- Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 6 and 20 years.
- Wilson’s disease occurs in 1 to 4 per 100,000 people.
- Wilson’s disease is named after Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937) who was the British neurologist who first described this condition in 1912.
- This condition is most common in eastern Europeans, Sicilians, and southern Italians.
- A small amount of copper obtained from food is needed to stay healthy, but excess copper is poisonous.
- High copper levels can cause life-threatening organ damage.

In Wilson disease, copper builds up in:
- the liver
- brain
- kidneys
- eyes
- other organs

Treatment of Wilson Disease
- The goal of treatment is to reduce the amount of copper in the tissues.
- This is done by a procedure called chelation.
- This process is where certain medications can bind to copper and help remove it through the kidneys or gut.
- Treatment must be done for lifelong.

The following medications may be used:
- Penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen) binds to copper and leads to increased release of copper in the urine.
- Trientine (Syprine) binds (chelates) the copper and increases its release through the urine.
- Zinc acetate (Galzin) blocks copper from being absorbed in the intestinal tract.
Vitamin E supplements may also be used.

Risks
- Medications that chelate copper (especially penicillamine) can affect the function of the brain and nervous system (neurological function).
- Other medications under investigation may bind copper without affecting neurological function.
- Lifelong treatment is needed to control Wilson’s disease.
- The disorder may cause fatal effects.
- Loss of liver function and toxic effects of copper on the nervous system are some of the side effects.
- In cases where the disorder is not fatal, symptoms may be disabling.

Dietary Recommendations
A low-copper diet may also be recommended.
Foods to avoid include:
- Chocolate
- Dried fruit
- Liver
- Mushrooms
- Nuts
- Shellfish

Other things to care about:
- You may want to drink distilled water.
- Most tap water flows through copper pipes.
- Avoid using copper cooking utensils.
- Symptoms may be treated with exercise or physical therapy.
- People who are confused or unable to care for themselves may need special protective measures.
- A liver transplant may be considered in cases.
- This is done where the liver is severely damaged by the disease.

Possible Complications:
- Anemia (hemolytic anemia is rare)
- Central nervous system complications
- Cirrhosis
- Death of liver tissues
- Fatty liver
- Hepatitis
- Increased number of bone fractures
- Increased number of infections
- Injury caused by falls
- Jaundice
- Joint contractures or other deformity
- Loss of ability to care for self
- Loss of ability to function at work and home
- Loss of ability to interact with other people
- Loss of muscle mass (muscle atrophy)
- Psychological complications
- Side effects of penicillamine and other medications used to treat the disorder.
- Spleen problems

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a liver disease.
- This is one cause of a fatty liver.
- This occurrs when fat is deposited (steatosis) in the liver.
- It is not due to excessive alcohol use.
- It is related to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome.
- This is involved with symptoms such as weight loss, metformin and thiazolidinediones.
- Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most extreme form of NAFLD.
- This is regarded as a major cause of cirrhosis of the liver of unknown cause.

Causes of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Fatigue
- Malaise
- Dull right-upper-quadrant abdominal discomfort
- Mild jaundice
- Abnormal liver function tests
- Alcohol consumption of over 20 g/day
- Insulin resistance
- Metabolic syndrome
- Obesity
- Combined hyperlipidemia
- Diabetes mellitus (type II)
- High blood pressure

Secondary Causes
NAFLD can also be caused by some medications.
- Amiodarone
- Antiviral drugs (nucleoside analogues)
- Aspirin rarely as part of Reye’s syndrome in children
- Corticosteroids
- Methotrexate
- Tamoxifen
- Tetracycline

Diagnosis of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Elevated liver enzymes
- A liver ultrasound showing steatosis.
- An ultrasound may also be used to exclude gallstone problems (cholelithiasis).
- Computed Tomography (CT) —a method of body imaging in which a thin X-ray beam rotates around the patient which provides a detailed view of the liver.
- A biopsy (tissue examination) of the liver is the only test widely accepted.
- FibroTest that estimates liver fibrosis.
- SteatoTest that estimates steatosis.
- Apoptosis has been shown to be the mechanism of hepatocyte destruction and caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 (M30-Apoptosense ELISA) in serum/plasma.

Relevant Blood Tests
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- Glucose
- Albumin
- Renal function
- Coagulation related studies
- The INR (international normalized ratio)

Blood tests (serology) are usually used to rule out:
- Viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, B, C, EBV, CMV andherpes viruses),
- Rubella,
- Autoimmune related diseases
- Hypothyroidism

Diagnosis
- Abdominal Ultrasound
- AMA Test
- ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)
- Liver Biopsy
- Liver Panel
- Manifestations of Liver Disease
- Needle Biopsy

Causes of Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis can be caused by a number of conditions and sometimes there is no cause found too. This includes:
- Long-standing inflammation
- Poisons
- Infections
- Heart disease
- Chronic alcoholism
- Chronic hepatitis

Chronic Alcoholism
- Alcohol can poison all living cells.
- This causes liver cells to become inflamed and die.
- The death of liver cells leads your body to form scar tissue around veins of your liver.
- Healing liver cells form nodules, which also press on the liver veins.
- This scarring process occurs in 10-20 percent of alcoholics
- The most common form of cirrhosis in the United States.
- The severity of the process depends on how much you drink.
- How long you have been abusing alcohol.
- The amount of alcohol needed to injure the liver varies widely from individual to individual.
- Some families are more susceptible to cirrhosis than others.

Hepatitis
- Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver from any cause.
- It usually refers to a viral infection of the liver.
- Over many years the inflammation damages liver cells and leads to scarring.
- Hepatitis B , hepatitis C, and hepatitis D all can cause cirrhosis.
- Hepatitis B is the most common cause of cirrhosis.

Biliary Cirrhosis:
- Bile is a substance produced by the liver to help the body digest fats.
- Bile is carried from the liver to the gallbladder
- It is eventually into the intestines by small tubes called bile ducts.
- If these ducts become blocked, the bile backs up and can damage the liver.
- The liver becomes inflamed, starting the long process of cell damage that leads to cirrhosis.
- In adults, gallstones are a common cause of bile duct blockage.
- Surgery to remove the gallbladder also blocks the bile ducts.
- Children may be born with a condition that blocks the bile ducts called biliary atresia.
- This disease usually affects women aged 35-60 years.

Autoimmune Cirrhosis
- The body’s immune system defends against “invaders” such as bacteria, viruses, or allergens.
- Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system begins to fight healthy body tissues and organs instead of the disease.
- In autoimmune hepatitis, the body’s immune system attacks the liver.
- This causes cell damage that leads to cirrhosis.

Non alcoholic fatty liver
This is a condition in which fat builds up in the liver that eventually causes scar tissue to form. This kind of cirrhosis is linked to:
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Coronary artery disease
- Protein malnutrition
- Treatment with corticosteroids such as prednisone.
- It is sometimes called “steatohepatitis.”

Inherited Diseases
- A variety of genetic diseases can damage the liver.
- These are diseases that interfere with the metabolism of different substances by the liver.
They include:
- Wilson’s disease
- Cystic fibrosis
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- Hemochromatosis
- Galactosemia
- Glycogen storage disease

Drugs, Toxins and Infections
- Various substances and germs can cause damage to the liver.
- Certain medications (for example, acetaminophen [Tylenol]), poisons, and environmental toxins can lead to cirrhosis.
- Reactions to certain drugs can damage the liver. This is rare.
- Long-term infections with various bacteria or parasites can damage the liver and cause cirrhosis.

Cardiac Cirrhosis
- When your heart doesn’t pump well, blood “backs up” into the liver.
- This congestion causes damage to your liver.
- It may become swollen and painful.
- Later it becomes hard and less painful.

The cause of the heart failure may be:
- A heart valve problem
- Smoking
- Infection of the heart muscle
- Infection of the sac around the heart

Thyroid secretes hormones T3 which is called thyroxine and T4 which is called triidothyronine. They control how fast and efficiently cells convert nutrients into energy. Thyroid gland is controlled by pituitary gland and it produces a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and it pushes the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones in balancing quantities.

Hyperthyroidism or active thyroid is the result from excess production of thyroid hormones particularly T3. The increased level of T3 pushes up the body’s metabolism which is the main reason for losing weight despite eating well.

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
- Anxiety
- Fast heart rate
- Nervousness
- Irritability
- Muscle weakness
- Weight loss
- Hair loss
- Trembling hands
- Moist warm skin
- Heart intolerance
- Frequency of bowel movements increase
- Less or decreases menstrual flow
- Painful enlarged thyroid gland

Causes of Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperactive thyroid nodules
- Graves disease affecting people between age 30 and 50.
- Thyroiditis which is the inflammation of thyroid gland releasing excessive hormones and it is caused by virus.
- Over stimulated pituitary gland which produces too much TSH.
- Excessive iodine in the form of iodised salt, sea food, dairy products.
- Thyrotoxicosis is taking too much thyroid hormone while treating for hyperthyroidism.

Treatment for Hyperthyroidism
- Anti thyroid drugs interfere with gland’s ability to make T3 and T4 but they are accompanied by side effects like rash, itching, fever and very rarely liver inflammation and deficiency of white blood cells.
- Beta blockers to prevent symptoms of palpitations and tremors.
- Radioactive iodine treatment is done to damage and kill thyroid cells. The only side effect is the destruction of thyroid tissues.
- Surgery of land or nodules.

It works through the kidneys, filters wastes for the blood and excretes them from the body. There are some problems associated with the urinary system. These are:

- Kidney or bladder infection
If the person is experiencing dull pains in lower back and it gets worsen and sometimes accompanied by burning sensation when urinating along with chills and fever, then it could be a kidney or bladder infection. Have a urine test done and keep a watch for sometime and if still persists, seek a medical advice.

- Kidney stone
If a person is experiencing steady pain in one or both testicles spreading to lower back then it could be a kidney stone and an ultra sonography is done and is removed by lithotripsy. Keep a watch for sometime and if still persists, seek a medical advice.

- Bladder infection
If the person is experiencing ache or burning that occurs during intercourse or urination and is also accompanied by discharge and blood then it could be a bladder infection. Keep a watch for sometime and if still persists, seek a medical advice.

- Enlarged prostate
If a person is experiencing poor urine flow, frequent urge to go to toilet in night, feeling of full bladder, traces of blood in urine or semen then it could an enlarged prostate which is benign or prostate cancer which can be confirmed by PSA test or digital rectal exam. Medication or surgery is needed.

The Respiratory System

It allows the oxygen to be breathed in and carbon dioxide to be breathed out. There are some problems associated with the urinary system. These are:

- Asthma
If a person is experiencing wheezing, coughing, tightness in chest, breathlessness and it worsens in night, then it can be asthma in which there is swelling and narrowed in air pathways and proper medications, relievers and prev-enters can be used. Seek medical advice immediately.

- Lung cancer
If a person is experiencing persistent cough, coughing out Blood, breath shortness and difficulty in swallowing then it could be lung cancer which needs medical attention immediately.

- Tuberculosis (TB)
If a person is experiencing exhaustion, night sweats, appetite loss, mild fever, cough often with blood then it could be TB which can be treated with medication. Keep a watch for sometime and seek medical advice.

- Pleurisy
If a person is experiencing pain which worsens while you breathe then it could be pleurisy which is an inflammation of pleura or membrane covering the lungs. Antibiotics can treat this condition.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
It pumps blood throughout the body through the action of the heart.
- Angina or Heart Attack:
Sometimes you can feel symptoms like sudden severe pain in arteries of chest that spreads to neck, jaw, left arm, abdomen and heaviness in chest. There is a possibility that it could be angina which gets better when you rest or it could be a heart attack which is more severe. Seek Medical help immediately.

- Pericarditis:
It is the swelling of the membrane that surrounds the heart. Symptoms can be sharp pain in centre of the chest which tends to get better when we lean forward or sit. Seek Medical help immediately.

- High or Low Blood Pressure:
You can feel headache on back of the head when you wake up. Symptom like ringing in the ears is also a symptom of high or low blood pressure. Keep a watch for couple of days and if it still continues…seek medical advice.

- Purpura:
It is caused by thinning of tissues supporting blood vessels under skin which rupture easily.Symptoms observed can be bruises after minor injury for no reason on thighs, back of the hands, forearms. Keep a watch for couple of days and if it still continues…seek medical advice.

- Cardio Problem:
It can be accompanied by fainting or flaking out. Keep a watch for couple of days and if it still continues…seek medical advice.

- Varicose veins:
Veins in legs that are blue, engorged and painful. It needs doctor’s evaluation. Keep a watch for couple of days and if it still continues…seek medical advice.

- Raised cholesterol levels:
Symptoms faced could be lumps on the eye lids. Keep a watch for couple of days and if it still continues…seek medical advice.

- Decreased potassium or calcium level:
Symptom could be some kind of muscle spasm in calves while walking. Have a banana shake and self medication can be done.

The symptoms of earache include:
- pain in the ear.
- swelling.
In case of middle ear infection:
- fever
- nausea
- vomiting
- diarrhea

HOME REMEDIES FOR TREATING EARACHE
- Crushed garlic warmed and mashed with pinch of salt is wrapped in a woolen cloth and placed on painful ear.
- Garlic oil is also a popular remedy for earache.
- Lukewarm juice of marigold leaves should be extracted and two to three drops of this juice should be applied to the affected ear.
- Two or three drops of juice of holy basil leaves should be put in the ear for relieving pain.
- Three to five drops of a clove sauted in a teaspoon of sesame oil is applied in the affected ear two to three times daily.
- Put some drops of hydrogen peroxide in the affected ear.
- Onion juice is also an effective remedy for ear ache.
- Smoking increases the risk of infection as it increases the dryness.
- Chewing gum will help in decreasing pressure in the ear.
- Vitamin C works on the infection by boosting your immunity.
- Another home remedy for ear ache is to apply moist and warm heat around the ear. Doing this is fairly simple, using a towel that has been soaked and then wrung out in hot water and then held against the ear that is aching.
- Another liquid that can be put in the ear for alleviating earache is by slightly warming a few drops of pure olive oil, wait for the olive oil to cool down, and then using a dropper to put a few drops of oil in the ear.

- Bone substance is built and destroyed during lifetime. Two-third of our bones are composed of mineral salts, calcium being most important. It is integrated in the bone tissue with the help of Vitamin D which is obtained through sunlight and some foods. Bone mass constantly increases until the age of 35. Later, it reduces by about 1.5 percent per year. Bone substance is disintegrated when parathyroid hormone prompts the osteoclasts to remove calcium from bones and release it in blood. Oestrogen in women and testosterone in men play an important role in the metabolism of bones.
- Hormone deficiencies, diet, hyperthyroidism, lack of exercise, and taking medication containing cortisone over a long period of time can harm the bones.
- Bone densitometry is done to diagnose osteoporosis. The radiologist determines the mineral content in the thigh bone or lumbar spine in grams per cubic centimeter. The treatment is primarily with calcium and vitamin D tablets and the administration of calcitonin and sodium fluoride. Earlier, hormone replacement therapy for oestrogen was recommended for women during menopause but recently this method was not in practice as it increases the risk of breast cancer.
- Strategies for preventing osteoporosis include plenty of sunshine and fresh air to boost body’s vitamin D and avoiding alcohol, nicotine and caffeine to prevent calcium depletion.
- A balanced diet rich in calcium and muscle training are recommended.