There are different types of Amnesia
- Anterograde amnesia
- Emotional/hysterical amnesia
- Lacunar amnesia
- Korsakoff syndrome
- Posthypnotic amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia
- Transient global amnesia

Causes of Amnesia
- Head injury
- Severe illness
- High fever
- Seizures
- Emotional shock or hysteria
- Alcohol-related brain damage
- Drugs
- Stroke
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Brain surgery

Home remedies for Amnesia

1.) Rosemary
- Rosemary is the best home remedy for amnesia.
- This herb is also known as the herb of remembrance,
- It can effectively cure mental fatigue and forgetfulness.

2.) Rosemary tea
- Prepare rosemary tea by adding 1-2 teaspoons of the herb to a cup (225ml) of boiling water.
- Let it steep for 5 minutes, strain the decoction and add a squirt of lime juice.
- Drink the tea once or twice, on a daily basis.

3.) Perennail booti
- This herb is also helpful in curing forgetfulness.
- Dry about seven grams of this herb in a shady place.
- Grind it, along with seven kernels of almonds and half a gram of pepper.
- Add water to form a decoction.
- Strain the decoction and add twenty-five gm sugar.
- Drink this mixture, on an empty stomach, every morning, for about a fortnight.

4.) Walnuts
- Walnuts work as effective memory enhancers.
- Consuming 20 gm walnuts every day, in the morning, will prove to be highly beneficial.
- If you add 10 gm of raisins or figs to walnuts, it is more beneficial.

5.) Almonds
- These are traditionally, considered to be the most effective memory booster.
- Soak about 10 almonds overnight.
- Peel off the brown skin in the morning and make a paste of it.
- Intake this paste, along with a tsp of butter, every morning.
- This works as a powerful memory enhancer and reduces needless anger.

6.) Holy basil leaves
- These leaves prove to be an effective memory enhancer.
- Boil the leaves in water and strain the decoction.
- Drink the decoction, after it cools down.
- You can also eat the leaves directly, after washing them with water.

7.) Brahmi
- Prepare a decoction of the herb, by steeping it in boiling water and straining the water.
- Let it cool down and consume it in the morning, on an empty stomach.

8.) Biofeedback
- This has proved to be a useful technique.
- In this process, the patient is made aware of his quantifiable bodily functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, blood sugar and skin temperature.
- This raises the patient’s awareness as well as his conscious control of the involuntary physiological activities.

9.) Other remedies
- Patients suffering from amnesia should try to memorize this and recall everything, first thing in the morning.
- The right diet also acts as a memory booster.
- Include a lot of phosphorous-rich fruits in your diet, such as dates, oranges, figs, grapes, apple, almonds and walnuts.
- They help activate the brain cell and reduce forgetfulness.
- The most simple of all home remedies for amnesia is to have a tsp of honey, sprinkled with finely grounded black pepper, once a day. This will also help enhance memory.

Overview
- This manifests as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease.
- It is treated with medication that reduces copper absorption
- Medication that removes the excess copper from the body also can be used.
- Occasionally a liver transplant is required for this disorder.
- The condition is due to mutations in the Wilson disease protein (ATP7B) gene.
- A single abnormal copy of the gene is present in 1 in 100 people.
- If a child inherits the gene from both parents, the child may develop Wilson’s disease.
- Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 6 and 20 years.
- Wilson’s disease occurs in 1 to 4 per 100,000 people.
- Wilson’s disease is named after Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937) who was the British neurologist who first described this condition in 1912.
- This condition is most common in eastern Europeans, Sicilians, and southern Italians.
- A small amount of copper obtained from food is needed to stay healthy, but excess copper is poisonous.
- High copper levels can cause life-threatening organ damage.

In Wilson disease, copper builds up in:
- the liver
- brain
- kidneys
- eyes
- other organs

Treatment of Wilson Disease
- The goal of treatment is to reduce the amount of copper in the tissues.
- This is done by a procedure called chelation.
- This process is where certain medications can bind to copper and help remove it through the kidneys or gut.
- Treatment must be done for lifelong.

The following medications may be used:
- Penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen) binds to copper and leads to increased release of copper in the urine.
- Trientine (Syprine) binds (chelates) the copper and increases its release through the urine.
- Zinc acetate (Galzin) blocks copper from being absorbed in the intestinal tract.
Vitamin E supplements may also be used.

Risks
- Medications that chelate copper (especially penicillamine) can affect the function of the brain and nervous system (neurological function).
- Other medications under investigation may bind copper without affecting neurological function.
- Lifelong treatment is needed to control Wilson’s disease.
- The disorder may cause fatal effects.
- Loss of liver function and toxic effects of copper on the nervous system are some of the side effects.
- In cases where the disorder is not fatal, symptoms may be disabling.

Dietary Recommendations
A low-copper diet may also be recommended.
Foods to avoid include:
- Chocolate
- Dried fruit
- Liver
- Mushrooms
- Nuts
- Shellfish

Other things to care about:
- You may want to drink distilled water.
- Most tap water flows through copper pipes.
- Avoid using copper cooking utensils.
- Symptoms may be treated with exercise or physical therapy.
- People who are confused or unable to care for themselves may need special protective measures.
- A liver transplant may be considered in cases.
- This is done where the liver is severely damaged by the disease.

Possible Complications:
- Anemia (hemolytic anemia is rare)
- Central nervous system complications
- Cirrhosis
- Death of liver tissues
- Fatty liver
- Hepatitis
- Increased number of bone fractures
- Increased number of infections
- Injury caused by falls
- Jaundice
- Joint contractures or other deformity
- Loss of ability to care for self
- Loss of ability to function at work and home
- Loss of ability to interact with other people
- Loss of muscle mass (muscle atrophy)
- Psychological complications
- Side effects of penicillamine and other medications used to treat the disorder.
- Spleen problems

Overview
- This manifests as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease.
- It is treated with medication that reduces copper absorption
- Medication that removes the excess copper from the body also can be used.
- Occasionally a liver transplant is required for this disorder.
- The condition is due to mutations in the Wilson disease protein (ATP7B) gene.
- A single abnormal copy of the gene is present in 1 in 100 people.
- If a child inherits the gene from both parents, the child may develop Wilson’s disease.
- Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 6 and 20 years.
- Wilson’s disease occurs in 1 to 4 per 100,000 people.
- Wilson’s disease is named after Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937) who was the British neurologist who first described this condition in 1912.
- This condition is most common in eastern Europeans, Sicilians, and southern Italians.
- A small amount of copper obtained from food is needed to stay healthy, but excess copper is poisonous.
- High copper levels can cause life-threatening organ damage.

In Wilson disease, copper builds up in:
- the liver
- brain
- kidneys
- eyes
- other organs

Who gets Wilson disease?
- Patients who inherit two abnormal copies of the ATP7B gene, one from each parent.
- Who have only one copy of the abnormal gene, do not have symptoms.
- Most people with Wilson disease have no known family history of the disease.
- A person’s chances of having Wilson disease increase if one or both parents have it.
- It equally affects men and women.
- Symptoms usually appear between ages 5 to 35.
- New cases have been reported in people aged 2 to 72 years.

General Symptoms
- Abnormal posture of arms and legs
- Confusion or delirium
- Dementia
- Difficulty moving arms and legs, stiffness
- Difficulty walking (ataxia)
- Emotional or behavioral changes
- Enlargement of the abdomen (abdominal distention)
- Personality changes
- Phobias, distress (neuroses)
- Slow movements
- Slow or decreased movement and expressions of the face
- Speech impairment
- Tremors of the arms or hands
- Uncontrollable movement
- Unpredictable and jerky movement
- Vomiting blood
- Weakness
- Yellow skin (jaundice) or yellow color of the white of the eye (icterus)

Exams and Tests
A slit-lamp eye examination may show:
- Limited eye movement.
- Rusty or brown-colored ring around the iris (Kayser-Fleischer rings).

A physical examination may show signs of damage to the central nervous system. This includes:
- loss of coordination
- loss of muscle control
- muscle tremors
- loss of thinking and IQ
- loss of memory
- confusion (delirium or dementia)

Lab tests may include:
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Serum ceruloplasmin
- Serum copper
- Serum uric acid
- Urine copper
If there are liver problems, lab tests may find:
- High AST and ALT
- High bilirubin
- High PT and PTT
- Low albumin

Other tests may include:
- 24-hour urine copper test
- Abdominal x-ray
- Abdominal MRI
- CT scan of the abdomen
- Head CT scan
- Head MRI
- Liver biopsy

DNA Testing
- The gene responsible for Wilson’s disease has been found.
- It is called ATP7B.
- DNA testing is available for this gene.
- Testing is complicated as different ethnic groups may have different changes (mutations) in this gene.

Overview
- This manifests as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease.
- It is treated with medication that reduces copper absorption
- Medication that removes the excess copper from the body also can be used.
- Occasionally a liver transplant is required for this disorder.
- The condition is due to mutations in the Wilson disease protein (ATP7B) gene.
- A single abnormal copy of the gene is present in 1 in 100 people.
- If a child inherits the gene from both parents, the child may develop Wilson’s disease.
- Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 6 and 20 years.
- Wilson’s disease occurs in 1 to 4 per 100,000 people.
- Wilson’s disease is named after Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937) who was the British neurologist who first described this condition in 1912.
- This condition is most common in eastern Europeans, Sicilians, and southern Italians.
- A small amount of copper obtained from food is needed to stay healthy, but excess copper is poisonous.
- High copper levels can cause life-threatening organ damage.

In Wilson disease, copper builds up in:
- the liver
- brain
- kidneys
- eyes
- other organs

Who gets Wilson disease?
- Patients who inherit two abnormal copies of the ATP7B gene, one from each parent.
- Who have only one copy of the abnormal gene, do not have symptoms.
- Most people with Wilson disease have no known family history of the disease.
- A person’s chances of having Wilson disease increase if one or both parents have it.
- It equally affects men and women.
- Symptoms usually appear between ages 5 to 35.
- New cases have been reported in people aged 2 to 72 years.

Symptoms of the Wilson’s disease
- Wilson disease first attacks the liver.
- Then it attacks the central nervous system, or both the liver and central nervous system.
- A buildup of copper in the liver may cause ongoing liver disease.
- Acute liver failure occurs.
- Most patients develop signs and symptoms that accompany chronic liver disease.

These include :
- swelling of the liver or spleen.
- jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.
- fluid buildup in the legs or abdomen.
- a tendency to bruise easily.
- fatigue.
A buildup of copper in the central nervous system may result in neurologic symptoms.

These include:
- Problems with speech, swallowing, or physical coordination.
- Tremors or uncontrolled movements.
- Muscle stiffness.
- Behavioral changes.

Other signs and symptoms of Wilson disease include:
- Anemia.
- Low platelet or white blood cell count.
- Slower blood clotting, measured by a blood test.
- High levels of amino acids, protein, uric acid, and carbohydrates in urine.
- Premature osteoporosis and arthritis.

Kayser-Fleischer Rings
- Kayser-Fleischer rings result from a buildup of copper in the eyes.
- These are the most unique sign of Wilson disease.
- They appear in each eye as a rusty-brown ring around the edge of the iris and in the rim of the cornea.
- The iris is the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil.
- The cornea is the transparent outer membrane that covers the eye.

Other symptoms
- Abnormal posture of arms and legs.
- Confusion or delirium.
- Dementia.
- Difficulty moving arms and legs, stiffness.
- Difficulty walking (ataxia).
- Emotional or behavioral changes.
- Enlargement of the abdomen (abdominal distention).
- Personality changes.
- Phobias, distress (neuroses).
- Slow movements.
- Slow or decreased movement and expressions of the face.
- Speech impairment.
- Tremors of the arms or hands.
- Uncontrollable movement.
- Unpredictable and jerky movement.

Overview
- This manifests as neurological or psychiatric symptoms and liver disease.
- It is treated with medication that reduces copper absorption
- Medication that removes the excess copper from the body also can be used.
- Occasionally a liver transplant is required for this disorder.
- The condition is due to mutations in the Wilson disease protein (ATP7B) gene.
- A single abnormal copy of the gene is present in 1 in 100 people.
- If a child inherits the gene from both parents, the child may develop Wilson’s disease.
- Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 6 and 20 years.
- Wilson’s disease occurs in 1 to 4 per 100,000 people.
- Wilson’s disease is named after Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937) who was the British neurologist who first described this condition in 1912.
- This condition is most common in eastern Europeans, Sicilians, and southern Italians.
- A small amount of copper obtained from food is needed to stay healthy, but excess copper is poisonous.
- High copper levels can cause life-threatening organ damage.

In Wilson disease, copper builds up in:
- the liver
- brain
- kidneys
- eyes
- other organs

Who gets Wilson disease?
- Patients who inherit two abnormal copies of the ATP7B gene, one from each parent.
- Who have only one copy of the abnormal gene, do not have symptoms.
- Most people with Wilson disease have no known family history of the disease.
- A person’s chances of having Wilson disease increase if one or both parents have it.
- It equally affects men and women.
- Symptoms usually appear between ages 5 to 35.
- New cases have been reported in people aged 2 to 72 years.

What causes Wilson disease?
- Wilson disease is caused by a buildup of copper in the body.
- Normally, copper from the diet is filtered out by the liver.
- It is then released into bile.
- This then flows out of the body through the gastrointestinal tract.
- People who have Wilson disease cannot release copper from the liver at a normal rate.
- This is due to a mutation of the ATP7B gene.
- When the copper storage capacity of the liver is exceeded, copper is released into the bloodstream.
- It travels to other organs—including the brain, kidneys, and eyes.

The deposits of copper causes:
- tissue damage.
- death of the tissues.
- scarring of the tissue.

Many medicines have been studied, such as
- Steroids
- Penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen)
- An anti-inflammatory agent (colchicine)
- Researchers are studying various experimental treatments for cirrhosis.

Ascites
- Your health care provider may prescribe water pills (a diuretic).
- This removes extra fluid from your body.
- This medication will make you urinate more often.
- Your health care provider may insert a needle into your abdomen to directly remove large amounts of fluid.
- However, the fluid usually collects again.
- If the fluid becomes infected, you will have to stay in the hospital and receive IV antibiotics.

Hepatic encephalopathy
- You will be given lactulose, a drink that reduces the amounts of toxins that are absorbed into your intestinal tract.
- You may be started on a low-protein diet.
- These 2 treatments may be combined to improve symptoms in 75 percent of cases.

Clotting disorders
Adequate protein intake and vitamin supplements can help to correct clotting disorders.

Itching
Medications are available to reduce itching.

Surgery: Liver Transplantation
- In this operation, the diseased liver is removed and replaced with a healthy liver that is taken from an organ donor.
- About 80-90 percent of people undergoing liver transplantation survive.
- As in all transplantation procedures, supportive before and after the procedure is very important in determining the success of the operation.

Portal Hypertension
- Some people are treated with a drug called a beta-blocker to lower the pressure in the blood vessels.
- Various surgeries can be performed to redirect liver blood flow into the circulatory system.
- Reducing liver blood pressures.
- However, surgery may worsen hepatic encephalopathy or ascites.

Bleeding varices
If you have bleeding from varices in the esophagus or stomach, you are at high risk of bleeding to death.
- You will have to stay in the hospital until the bleeding is under control.
- You have a 1 in 2 chance of dying during that hospital stay if you suffer from bleeding varicose veins in your esophagus.
- If you have significant blood loss, treatment will focus on restoring lost fluids.
- You will be monitored carefully until bleeding is controlled and your blood circulation is stabilized.
- Two large IV lines will be placed to replace lost fluids.
- You will need supplemental oxygen until you begin to replace some of the lost blood.
- You may need blood transfusions.
- Balloon inflation to compress the vein.
- Medications that decrease blood flow into the liver.
- Tying off the bleeding vein.

Hepatorenal Syndrome
- Liver transplant is the only treatment that works in this advanced disease.

Liver cancer
- People with liver cancer may die within 3-6 months after diagnosis if the cancer remains untreated.
- Even with treatment, people rarely survive beyond 5 years.
- Surgery is the only chance for a cure, but usually the cancer has progressed too far by the time surgery is performed.
- Liver transplantation may also be considered.

How to prevent further damage to the liver
- Consume a balanced diet and one multivitamin daily.
- Patients with PBC with impaired absorption of fat soluble vitamins may need additional vitamins D and K.
- Avoid drugs (including alcohol) that cause liver damage.
- All patients with cirrhosis should avoid alcohol.
- Most patients with alcohol induced cirrhosis experience an improvement in liver function with abstinence from alcohol.
- Even patients with chronic hepatitis B and C can substantially reduce liver damage.
- It will slow the progression towards cirrhosis with abstinence from alcohol.
- Avoid nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, e.g., ibuprofen).
- Patients with cirrhosis can experience worsening of liver and kidney function with NSAIDs.
- Eradicate hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus by using anti-viral medications.
- Immunize patients with cirrhosis against infection with hepatitis A and B to prevent a serious deterioration in liver function.

Treating the complications of cirrhosis
- Propranolol (Inderal), a beta blocker, is effective in lowering pressure in the portal vein and is used to prevent initial bleeding and rebleeding from varices in patients with cirrhosis.
- Octreotide (Sandostatin) also decreases portal vein pressure and has been used to treat variceal bleeding.
- During upper endoscopy (EGD), either sclerotherapy or band ligation can be performed to obliterate varices and stop active bleeding and prevent rebleeding.
- Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a non-surgical procedure to decrease the pressure in the portal vein.
- A surgical operation to create a shunt (passage) from the high-pressure portal vein to veins with lower pressure can lower blood flow and pressure in the portal vein and prevent varices from bleeding.

A person suffering from Hepatitis B or C should do:
- Check Hepatitis B or C status.
- Promote vaccinations.
- Be careful so that no one is accidentally exposed to blood.
- Discard materials used during injury.
- Wash hands.
- Avoid unprotected sex.
- Hepatitis status of spouse or sexual partner should be checked.
- Individuals who are at higher risk should be vaccinated.
- Monitor your liver functioning regularly.

A person suffering from Hepatitis B or C should not do:
- Don not share chewing gums, toothbrush, razor, needle or anything that comes in contact with blood.
- Do not share syringe.
- Do not donate blood, plasma, tissues, sperm.
- Do not panic and fear the worst.
- Do nor chew food before giving it to babies.
- Do not neglect follow up.
- do not try unproven therapies.

A symptom can cause the joint to swell rapidly. Discoloration of your skin from the rupture of small blood vessels may occur. There may be pain and tenderness and joint function may be impaired. To treat a minor soft tissue injury, remember PRICE which stands for Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation.

Protection: Protect your joint from further injury. An elastic wrap, brace, sling, air cast, cane or crutches may help support the joint and encourage healing.
Rest: Avoid movements of the injured joint that cause pain or swelling.
Ice: Cold reduces swelling and inflammation, decreases muscle spasms and help relieve pain. Apply ice or an ice pack wrapped in a cloth or towel or use a bag of frozen peas which conforms well to the body. Cover the ice pack with a dry towel or a blanket for insulation. Apply ice for no more than 20 minutes at a time, several times a day. Do not apply heat, which can cause more swelling. If you have vascular disease, rheumatism or decreased sensation, take your doctor’s advice.
Compression: This decreases bruising and swelling. Keep the joint wrapped snug but not tight until swelling subsides. Loosen if pain increases or you have numbness.
Elevation: Raising a swollen joint above the level of your heart reduces swelling. This is especially important at night.

Continue this treatment as long as it helps.You should see a doctor if you:
- hear a popping sound.
- have immediate difficulty using the injured joint.
- can not put weight on the joint.
- see significant deformity or swelling.
- if pain and difficulty continue for longer than 2 or 3 days.

Decibels is the unit of sound which ranges from 0 to 180 or more. Prolonged exposure to levels over 85 is risky and higher the level, the less time it takes to cause the damage. a level above 120 such as fireworks at close range, ambulance siren, gun firing can cause immediate damage. Sounds below a level of 75 are unlikely to harm the hearing. The ears never get used to noise. The person gets habitual psychologically to noise so it becomes less noticeable or less annoying, but the ear does not build up tolerance.

SYMPTOMS OF HEARING LOSS
- Sound may appear distorted or muffled.
- People may sound like they are mumbling, especially when there is background noise.
- Ringing in the ears.

Listening to a personal music player is potentially very harmful. Some people are really unaware of how loud they listen the music, especially in noisy surroundings. If you experience ringing or muffled hearing afterwards, music was definitely too loud. Loud or persistent noise affects quality of life, both mentally and physically. It can disturb sleep, impair work performance and cause anxiety, irritability, depression and headaches. People also complain about increased blood pressure and heart rate and even heart abnormalities. Hearing loss from a single high intensity sound often improves, though it can take several months and your hearing may not fully recover. But if you are exposed to loud music regularly, permanent hearing loss is experienced.

- Turn down the volume of music players.
- Move away from the source of loud noise.
- Buy the quietest vacuum and other appliances.
- Use hearing protections.
- Keep your car’s muffler and exhaust system in good shape and use your horn only for emergencies.

The list below highlights some of the main causes:
- Having any deficiency of the immune system, that is having a condition that predisposes you to lowered immune system function, will increase the risk of developing skin cancer.
- Being exposed to abnormally high levels of X-rays may contribute to the development of skin cancer.
- Using tanning booths to acquire an artificial tan has been widely accepted as a substantial cause of the disease.
- Having a family history increases the risk of skin cancer.
- If you have several moles these can become cancerous growths on the skin’s surface.
- Some people are thought to be at a more significant risk, such as lighter skinned people, people with blond or red hair and green or blue eyes.