Causes:
Urinary incontinence during pregnancy can also result from an overactive bladder. Women with overactive bladder need to urinate more than usual because your bladder has uncontrollable spasms. Also, the muscles around the urethra – the tube through which urine passes from the bladder – may be affected. These muscles are designed to prevent urine that leaves the body.

The sphincter of the bladder controls the flow of urine and it is a muscular valve that is located at the bottom of the bladder. When a woman is pregnant, the uterus that is expanding puts extra pressure on bladder which can cause the sphincter muscles are overwhelmed by this stress and as a result the urine may leak from the bladder.

After pregnancy, incontinence problems may continue because childbirth weakens pelvic floor muscles, which can cause an overactive bladder. Pregnancy and childbirth can contribute to problems with bladder control due to the following conditions:

- Damage to the nerves that control bladder.
- The fact that the urethra and bladder have moved during pregnancy.
- The episiotomy, a cut in the muscle of the pelvic floor during delivery of a baby to allow the fetus to flow easily.

Treatment:
Most women with urinary incontinence can be effectively managed in general practice with fairly simple treatment.
Surgical treatment
Colposuspension: The support of the bladder muscles can also be improved by Colposuspension, in which the top of the vagina is pulled forward and stitched. This is usually successful and does not causes any problems with sex.
1.Procedure of surgical tape. A result similar to Colposuspension can now be achieved by using surgical tape that is able to support the bladder. This procedure takes 30 minutes to complete and can be performed as a day procedure cases, under a local or general anesthesia. Early results show a success rate that is comparable with Colposuspension.
2.Laparoscopic (minimally invasive) surgery is also showing promise as a new technique in the treatment of incontinence.

Non surgical treatment
- Bladder training aims to teach the bladder does not send signals to the brain prematurely. A training program is designed to gradually increase the length of time a person must wait before emptying the bladder, so the reasonable control of a full bladder can be achieved. This is recommended for a minimum of six weeks.
- Hormone replacement therapy is useful to help urge incontinence in women after menopause. It is particularly effective in stress incontinence.

Kegel exercises
They are another method that can be used to help control urinary incontinence. These exercises help to reinforce and strengthen pelvic floor muscles. Strengthening the pelvic floor muscles can improve the function of the urethra and rectal sphincter. One way to help locate the Kegel muscles is to insert a finger into the vagina and try to make the muscles around your finger tightened.
To perform Kegel exercises, you should:
• Keep your abdomen, hips and buttocks relaxed
• Tighten the pelvic floor muscles, keep your muscles for a count of 10
• relax the pelvic floor muscles for a count of 10

If the problem continues to persist consult your doctor for that.

CAUSES FOR KIDNEY STONES
- Lack of vitamin A.
- Excessive intake of vitamin D.
- Family history.
- Inadequate water intake.
- Poor diet and lifestyle.
- Excessive perspiration.
- Defects in general metabolism.
- Excessive intake of acid forming foods.

SYMPTOMS OF KIDNEY STONES
- Painful urination.
- Blood in urine.
- Pain in groin area and lower abdominal area.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Sweating.

NATURAL HOME REMEDIES FOR KIDNEY STONES
- Coconut water helps in passing small stones through urine.
- Pomegranate juice is an effective remedy.
- Tomato juice with a pinch of salt or water is very effective.
- Eat apples and grapes regularly.
- Boil two figs in a cup of water and drink.
- Drink a mixture of 60ml of lemon juice with 60ml of olive oil and then a glass of water.
- Mix one teaspoonful holy basil and honey and take daily for 6 months.
- Cut soaked kidney beans and add them into about four liter of water and keep them for boiling for 6-8 hours. Strain the liquid, cool and again strain and drink one glass.
- Watermelon has rich water content and hence is very effective in diluting the kidney stones.
- No alcohol and smoking.
- Avoid oily and spicy food.
- Avoid eating spinach, cauliflower, carrots, almonds, peas and soyabean.
- A diet low in protein, nitrogen and sodium intake.
- Take radish leaves juice twice a day.
- Avoid taking too much milk.
- Avoid oxalate rich foods.

Kidney stones consist of a center that consists of crystal-like substances and a surrounding region that is composed of layers. Different kinds of kidney stones include calcium stones, uric acid stones, cystine stones and struvite stones. Kidney stones are experienced between the ages of 30 and 50.

Causes of Kidney Stones

- Urine contains certain substances which converts into crystals.
- Lack of water.
- An excessively acidic environment in the kidneys is conducive to the formation of kidney stones.
- Heredity.
- Intake of certain foods results in too much of certain stone-forming components in the urine.
- Bowel disease.
- Chronic urinary tract infections.
- Urinary tract blockage.
- Minimal activity.

Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Stones

- Intense, colicky pain that may fluctuate in intensity over a period of 5 to 15 minutes. The pain usually starts in your back or your side just below the edge of your ribs.
- Severe Pain.
- Nausea and Vomiting.
- Blood in the urine.
- Increase in frequency or urgency of urination, or the inability to urinate.
- Fever, chills and weakness.
- Cloudy or foul-smelling urine.
- Pus in urine.

Diagnosis of Kidney Stones

- Diagnostic tests include a blood test, a urine test and a 24-hour urine collection test.
- Kidney-ureter-bladder (KUB) x-ray, a kidney ultrasound, an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) and if recommended, a CAT (CT) scan.

Treatment of Kidney Stones

- About 90 percent of all kidney stones can pass through the urinary system spontaneously with the help of plenty of water (two to three quarts a day) to help the stone move along.
- Pain medications.
- Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESLW) – Shock waves generated in water (like very tiny tidal waves) can be very precisely directed into the abdomen to break up the stone into smaller particles that can be easily passed in the urine.
- Percutaneous nephrolithotomy – This method makes use of a tunnel-like surgical device that is inserted into a small hole in the patient’s back and positioned on the kidney.
- Ureteroscopy – When the stone is located in the ureter, this device, which looks like a wire, is inserted into the patient’s urethra and threaded through the bladder and up the ureter to where the stone is lodged.

- Over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers, such as paracetamol, or ibuprofen, can be taken to reduce discomfort.
- Drinking plenty of water is often recommended as a treatment for cystitis.
- If your symptoms are moderate, or severe, your GP may prescribe a short course of antibiotics. This will usually be in the form of a tablet to be swallowed 2-4 times a day, for three days.
- For a more complicated case of cystitis, such as cystitis with another underlying infection, you may be given antibiotics to take for 5-10 days.

How does a doctor diagnose cystitis?

The diagnosis of cystitis is primarily based on symptoms and signs. Visual appearance of the urine is not helpful. The most important examination of urine is done by chemical testing (dipstick test), which is very quick, and by urine culture where the specimen is sent to a hospital laboratory to grow and examine the bacteria. The specimen must be fresh. It is also important that the woman has separated her labia (lips) during urination, to avoid bacteria from the skin and vagina contaminating the specimen. If there is inflammation, the doctor will identify bacteria and red and white blood cells in the urine using the dipstick test. If this is positive, your doctor can prescribe antibiotics immediately while waiting for further confirmation from the urine culture.

- Drink as much fluid as you can to flush out the system, dilute the urine and reduce any stinging.
- For the first four hours try to drink a pint of water every hour even if the attack starts in the middle of the night.
- Then drink half a pint every two hours for the next eight hours.
- Drink bland fluids such as water, weak tea or fruit squash (avoid orange juice and carbonated drinks).
- Making the urine less acid will reduce any discomfort. Try a teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda dissolved in a glass of water or preparations containing citrate.
- Women with high blood pressure or heart trouble should not take either bicarbonate of soda citrate without first consulting their doctor.
- Go to the lavatory as much as you need to, don’t try to ‘hold on’.
- Keep warm and place a well-covered hot water bottle over your tummy or between your thighs. A second one hot water bottle at your lower back may also help.
- Take one or two aspirin or paracetamol tablets for the pain.
- Avoid alcohol and sexual intercourse until you feel better.
- Rest as much as possible.
- Avoid vaginal deodorants and douches, perfumed soaps, bubble bath and talc, these may irritate the urethra. Showering rather than bathing may be helpful.
- Avoid tight trousers or underwear, especially if they’re made from artificial fibres. Choose cotton underwear with stockings and looser clothes such as skirts.
- Wipe from front to back.
- Anything that obstructs or blocks the urinary tract, such as a kidney stone, can lead to repeated attacks of cystitis. Certain tests can detect these conditions. Treating the underlying cause may solve the problem.
- Any damage to the lower back area can affect the nerves connecting to the bladder and make it impossible to empty it completely.
- Change immediately from wet clothes like after swimming.

Bacterial Cystitis

- When bacteria enter the urinary tract and start to multiply, bacterial cystitis can occur.
- Bacteria may enter through sexual intercourse, but the female genital and urinary tract naturally have bacteria that can cause infection.
- There are two primary types of bacterial infections of the bladder: community-acquired bladder infections and hospital-acquired, or nosocomial infections.

Noninfectious Cystitis

- When the bladder becomes inflamed for reasons other than bacteria, and when this happens, a diagnosis of noninfectious cystitis can be made.
- Types of cystitis in this category include drug-induced cystitis, radiation cystitis, foreign-body cystitis and chemical cystitis.
- Drug-induced cystitis occurs when medications irritate your bladder as the drugs are broken down and exit your body.
- Foreign-body cystitis typically occurs in people who have catheters for a period of time, which can lead to bacterial infections or tissue irritation.
- Radiation to the pelvic area, your bladder may become inflamed or irritated, which is radiation cystitis.
- Hypersensitivity to products like bubble bath or feminine hygiene products can cause chemical cystitis.

Eosinophilic Cystitis

- It is a rare form of cystitis that is diagnosed via biopsy.
- The cause of EC is also unknown though it has been triggered in children by certain medications.

Hemorrhagic Cystitis

It can occur as a side effect of cyclophosphamide therapy, and is often prevented by administering mesna.

Symptoms of Cystitis

- A burning, stinging or aching pain when you pass urine.
- A need to pass water very frequently, often only a small amount each time.
- Bloody or cloudy urine (severe cystitis).
- Pain or tenderness in your lower back or lower abdomen (tummy).
These symptoms can also be due to a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as chlamydia. If you think you may have an STI, visit your GP or a sexual health clinic.

Causes of Cystitis

- When women insert a tampon there is a slight risk of bacteria entering via the urethra.
- When a urinary catheter is changed there may be damage to the area.
- There is a higher incidence of cystitis among women who use the diaphragm for contraception, compared to sexually active women who don’t.
- The patient does not empty his/her bladder completely, creating an environment for bacteria to multiply in the bladder. This is fairly common among pregnant women, and also men whose prostates are enlarged.
- Sexually active women have a higher risk of bacteria entering via the urethra.
- Part of the urinary system may be blocked.
- Other bladder or kidney problems.
- Frequent and/or vigorous sex increases the chances of physical damage or bruising, which in turn makes the likelihood of cystitis developing higher.
- During the menopause women produce less mucus in the vaginal area. This mucus stops the bacteria from multiplying.
- During the menopause the lining of a woman’s urethra gets thinner as her levels of estrogen drop. The thinner the lining becomes, the higher the chances are of infection and damage.
- A woman’s urethra opening is much nearer the anus than a man’s.